Sex & Sexuality: Crash Course Sociology #31
Let’s talk about sex. It’s totally OK if that makes you wanna
cringe. After all, most people will tell you that
sex is private, not something that people
generally talk about at least, not in class. Besides, sex is usually thought of as a deep,
primeval part of ourselves. It’s a matter of drives and instincts, of
biology and psychology. And if sex and sexuality are both primeval and private,
can a social science tell us anything about them? Of course it can. Because no matter how natural and private
you think they are, sex and sexuality are still
a part of every society. And like I’ve seen saying since this course
started: society gets in everywhere. [Theme Music] In order to talk about sex, we need to get
a handle on some terms, starting with sex. Not sex the act, but sex the category. Sex is a biological category, and it distinguishes
between females and males. And biologically speaking, the root
cause of sex is a pair of chromosomes:
XX for females and XY for males. These chromosomes result in two kinds of
visible differences: There are primary sex characteristics, which show
up as the sex organs involved with the reproductive
processes and which develop in utero. And then there are secondary sex characteristics,
which develop at puberty and are not directly involved
in reproduction, things like pubic hair, enlarged
breasts or facial hair. Now, we tend to think of sex as a simple fixed
binary: You’re either male or female. But that’s not the case. A significant portion of the population is
intersex, that is “people [who] are born with sex characteristics that do
not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies.” This can mean a lot of different things. Like, it can mean having different combinations
of sex chromosomes – as in Klinefelter Syndrome,
which creates chromosomes XX and Y, or in
Triple-X Syndrome, which results in XXX. An intersex condition can also mean that the
body responds differently to hormones, or that
the genitals aren’t fully developed. This wide variety of intersex conditions makes
population figures hard to pin down. If intersex is defined strictly in terms of having
atypical genitalia at birth, then 1 in every 1500-2000
births fits that description. If defined more broadly, however – to include all of
the conditions I just mentioned – intersex conditions
appear in as much as 2% of the population. And of course, different societies respond
to intersex people differently. In some societies, they’re accepted as just
a natural variation. But Western society and medicine have long
understood sex as an immutable binary, so intersex people were not seen as an acceptable
variation, but rather as a deviation in need of correction. Some intersex conditions do require
medical intervention for the sake of the
patient’s health, but many don’t. And for years doctors performed unnecessary
operations on intersex children, in order to make them
acceptable according to cultural ideas about sex. So, society plays a role in the biological
category of sex. But when it comes to gender, those distinctions
are all about society. Gender is the set of social and psychological
characteristics that a society considers proper
for its males and females. The sets of characteristics assigned to men
are masculinities, and those assigned to women
are femininities. A lot of people have a hard time
understanding the difference between sex and gender,
but hopefully this definition makes it clear. Gender is its own thing, separate from sex. Some people don’t even want to accept that
gender is anything but biological, but sociology
is here to tell you that it really isn’t. Instead, it’s a matter of social construction. To explore this idea some more, let’s go to
the Thought Bubble: Let’s start with how we dress. A business suit is considered masculine.
A skirt is feminine. And it should be obvious and uncontroversial
that this is a purely social convention: Because, for example, you’d be pretty hard pressed
to explain the objective difference between
a skirt and a kilt, except to say that wearing one is feminine,
and wearing the other is masculine. And this is also true of things that might
seem to be more biologically determined. For example, physical labor like construction
has typically been understood as masculine. And there might seem to be an underlying
biological explanation for that, because on average men do tend to be bigger
and have more muscle mass than women. But even with an average difference between
the sexes, there’s a great deal of overlap too. Plenty of women are bigger and stronger than
plenty of men. And minor differences in average size and
strength can’t explain why some occupations
have been stratified by gender. The reality is that minor, average, biological
differences are used as the justification
for widespread gender stratification, funnelling males and females into different
jobs, hobbies, and identity constructions. And society then points to this resulting stratification as
“proof” of an underlying difference in biological reality,
even though that reality doesn’t actually exist. Thanks Thought Bubble. So, one way of thinking about gender is that
it’s a matter of a self-presentation, a performance
that must be worked at constantly. What we wear, how we walk and talk, even our
personal characteristics – like aggression or empathy –
are all ways of “doing” gender. They’re ways of making claims to masculinity or
femininity that people will see and, hopefully, respect. And we can be sanctioned if we don’t do gender
right, or well enough. This is precisely what’s happening when a
man is called a “sissy” or a woman is told
she “really ought to smile more.” This idea of gender as a performance is known
as gender expression. But gender is more than that; it’s also a
matter of identity. Gender identity refers to a person’s internal,
deeply held sense of their gender. Nobody really, perfectly fits the cultural
ideal of masculinity or femininity. And lots of people construct their gender
differently from these conventional ideas. In particular, transgender people are those
whose gender identity doesn’t match the
biological sex they were assigned at birth. By contrast, cisgender people’s gender identity
matches their biological sex. Still, both trans and cis people can express
their identity in a variety of ways, conventional
or otherwise. And this should make it clear that gender,
like sex, is not binary. There are many ways of doing femininities and
many ways in which a person can be masculine. Now that we’ve got a basic understanding of
sex and gender, we can finally get to sexuality. Sexuality is basically a shorthand for everything
related to sexual behavior: sexual acts, desire, arousal
– the entire experience that is deemed sexual. One part of sexuality is sexual orientation,
or who you’re sexually attracted to, or not. Most people identify as heterosexual, meaning
they’re attracted to people of the other gender. While this is the most common orientation,
significant numbers of people are homosexual
– attracted to people of their own sex or gender. But these are really only poles on a continuum,
with plenty of people being attracted to both their own
and other genders, as in bisexual or pansexual. And some people are asexual, and don’t experience
sexual attraction at all. Now, these definitions can vary from person to
person, just as they vary from society to society. This, and the fact that social norms may make
people wish to keep their orientation private, makes estimates of the number of homosexual
and bisexual people necessarily imprecise. That said, based on the surveys we do have,
around 4% of the American population identifies
as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. However, this increases to around 10% if we ask instead
whether a person has ever experienced same-sex
attraction or engaged in homosexual activity. So, what can each of the three sociological
paradigms tell us about sexuality? We’ll start with symbolic-interactionism,
because its insight is the most fundamental: And that is that sexuality, this intensely
private and supposedly primeval thing, is
socially constructed. You might think that this is a claim too far,
because sexuality is a matter of inbuilt urges. Some things just are sexual. But if we actually start asking “what is sexual?”
then the constructed nature of sexuality gets
pretty obvious pretty fast. We might think, for instance, that oral sex
is just sexual. But that’s not necessarily true in all societies. For example, among the Sambia of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, young boys perform oral sex on, and ingest the semen of, older men, as part of a rite of passage to adulthood. Oral sex is definitely happening, but it’s
not clear that this should be thought of as
sexual in the way we understand it. And we might also be inclined to label this ritual as
“homosexual behavior”, but it’s still not quite the same
thing as homosexuality as we understand it in the US. So physically identical acts can have radically
different social and subjective meanings. We can explain this, in part, with the concept
of sexual scripts. These are cultural prescriptions that dictate
the when, where, how, and with-whom of sex,
and what that sex means when it happens. The idea that sex happens at home between
two willing partners, for example, is part of a
generic sexual script in our society. Likewise, sex that happens between two people
who met at a bar might come with a different script – and therefore different shared expectations –
than sex between two people who’ve known each
other for a long time. This brings us to the structural functionalist
perspective. Since sexual reproduction is necessary for the
reproduction of society, this view says that sex has to be
organized in some way, in order for society to function. And society organizes sexuality by using sexual
scripts. Before contraception was widespread, it was these
norms that controlled how many people were born,
by determining when and how often people had sex. And by controlling who had sex with whom, they
also, generally, made sure that those kids were born
into families that could support them. This is one function of the universal incest taboo,
the prohibition of sex between close relatives. Reproduction between family members would
ultimately break down kinship relations. It would be impossible to maintain a clear
set of familial obligations if, for instance,
your brother could also be your father. But, as seen from the perspective of social
conflict theory, regulating sexuality is also a matter
of creating, and reinforcing, inequalities. In particular, our society is traditionally
built around heteronormativity. This is the idea that there are only two genders,
that gender corresponds to biological sex, and that the only natural and acceptable sexual
attraction is between these two genders. Heteronormativity makes heterosexuality
seem like it’s directly linked to biological sex, but heterosexuality is just as much a
social construction as any other sexuality. It’s defined by dominant sexual scripts,
privileged by law, and normalized by social
practices, like religious teachings, so it comes to be understood as natural in
a way that other sexualities are not. Queer theory challenges this naturalness and
especially shows how gender and heterosexuality
are tied together. Heteronormativity is based on the idea of
two opposite sexes that naturally fit together,
like poles of a magnet: So by this logic, men pursue, women are pursued,
men are dominant, women are submissive. But all this is socially constructed; the sexes aren’t opposites, there are just two of them
at both ends of a spectrum, along with the whole
array of variations between them. But the idea of opposite sexes helps make
heterosexuality seem natural to us. And so you can see how sex, gender, and sexuality
are all linked, and all socially constructed. And you can see how society gets in
everywhere, even among these apparently
private and primeval things. And in turn, these things help structure society,
creating and sustaining inequalities and giving
them the veneer of the natural. But sociology can help us pick them apart. Today we learned about what sociology can
tell us about sex and sexuality. We talked about the biological classification
of sex, and how it’s more complicated than
we tend to think. And we discussed the social construct of gender
and a little bit about how it works. Finally, we talked about sexuality and sexual
orientations, and what the three paradigms
of sociology can tell us about them. Crash Course Sociology is filmed in the Dr.
Cheryl C. Kinney Studio in Missoula, MT, and
it’s made with the help of all of these
nice people. Our animation team is Thought Cafe and Crash
Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. If you’d like to keep Crash Course free for
everyone, forever, you can support the series
at Patreon, a crowdfunding platform that allows
you to support the content you love. Thank you to all of our patrons for making
Crash Course possible with their continued support.
Does someone know whether there's a german word for "gender"? I really want to know…
Would've enjoyed the video more if she offered more of a balanced perspective, rather thank speaking with a totally liberal bias.
Out of all videos… this was the one I chose😂
Could it not be the case that in some cases there really are underlying statistical biological differences between sexes (that correlate with basic gender types, or "heteronormative" ideas, for example)? To say flat out, full stop, that there are no differences, or everything is just socially constructed, seems a bit premature – to say the least. Especially considering how little sociology evidently works with biology.
What about the people who reproduce by budding?
This video is full of blatantly false claims yet they try to pass to off as the objective truth. It makes me sick.
The relativism. It hurts.
How to kill a civilization slowly.
I really hate this new distinction between sex and gender because it's unnecessary and ultimately counter-productive. I agree that gender roles are socially constructed and should be eliminated so that all people can be true to themselves and pursue their right to life, liberty, and happiness without social obstructions BUT why is it necessary to play this identity game with terms like transgender and cisgender? If there are no differences between the sexes other than reproductive roles, then why is it necessary to identify as one or the other? Isn't that implying that there IS a difference?
Come on guys, why so many dislikes? I don't agree with all she says either, but I love seeing things through another perspective
As a gay, i learned nothing new. But this is def a good video for me to pop out whenever someone starts the convo. It is a mouthful and she went through it all. Even the tribe, which I did not expect to be mentioned here.
To be honest, I'm looking for a video that will predict the shifting paradigm regarding sexuality. As sexual activity is shifting towards a more fluid scenario. How would that affect then our 'sexual scripts' and identities? I am a lesbian. I know this by trial and error I'm open to interactions with men but recognize I don't react to them.
If the masses shift towards all being fluid and experimental at least. Will the extremes of the spectrum be the only real calls for identity? Would attempts to differentiate between sexual behavior be necessary? We'd just be bonobo's out here, living our best lives, or what are the expectations with the next wave?
If anyone could point me to a video with that content … 🙂
I love it. Of course, It is to be expected that she didn't include everything and some things she says i don't completely feel are right, but as a gender fluid teen, I love seeing representation in education. Anyone who disagrees with what she is saying, please email me, because i really want to see what the other side of the argument is like, beyond purely emotional or religious responses. Paint the world rainbow!
“When you excuse pedophilia as just “a culturally distinct view of sexual acts”.”
Face -> Wall
"A significant proportion of the population are intersex"……are you kidding me!
Sociology isn’t a real science. Change my mind.
They need to invade this island and stop that practice.
Everyone is pointing to 7:27 here but seriously do Y'all see how you didn't respect the cultural differences of the eastern highlands of Papua New Guinea and called it "pedophilia" and used your own social norms and values to explain why it's not acceptable? Well, this is what how other societies see homosexuality and find it abnormal and most Westerns attack them and call them "homophobics" or "transphobic".
Is this woman QUALIFIED?….does she have any creedance/clearance/peer acceptance/scientific acknowledgement by her peers or authorities/in other words is she real or just a FRAUD like many others on You Tube who claim to be scientists?………..
There are two genders male and female…SIMPLE.Nothing else comes into the equation…unless you are mentally or psychologically disturbed……..
SEXUALITY IS NOT SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED…this is MARXIST/POST MODERNIST NONSENSE…………..
why shordy gotta talk so fast
i fint this sexual!
Did you know that heterosexual intercourse often leads to genesis of new human life?
4:20 "funelling males and females into different jobs, hobbies and identity construction"
err … who is doing this funelling? this sounds like a conspiracy theory.
really fab thank you
I hope you guys understand that she's a sociologist not a biologist, if you want a different perspective go to crash course biology.
Ok. This is not true. The terms "masculinity" and "femininity" refer to the archetypal behaviors extracted out from the average tendencies of men and women. Women and men have biological predispositions for certain kinds of behaviors.
i don't think my sexual attraction for amazing boobs and woman's bodies is a social construct.
OH PHEW.. categories… I thought this would be a birds and bees type of thing..
This was very helpful, learned a lot.
Btw see's cute!………
Lol 5:29 yeah……..they still biologically male or female…..nothing's changed except the hardcore issues they are dealing with or already accepted
Gender= male or female……da end. Cause u know facts which have existed before people have tried to re-invent them…… So ur definitely gonna have a hill to climb to change people's perception on the meaning of gender
it is interesting how you can see by the number of dislikes what topics are sensitive for the society, great video, thanks!
I would just like everyone to know that in their recently uploaded documentary on crash course, she saw the ad for this job on tumblr
“A significant amount of the population is intersex”
It’s 0.5%
So… forced peadophilic acts are non sexual in the same way it's non violent to force sticks up the children noses to induce bleeding to remove any remaining 'female' blood from the boy that is used to manipulate his decision making. Cultural relativism is a dangerous idea that will make it harder for a society to progress and evolve effectively. Each society should strive to be the most morally succinct and understanding towards each person, but this is unobtainable if we conclude that any act derived from cultural value is acceptable regardless of the consequences. Interesting ideas nonetheless though.
I'm justhere to watch some right wingers lose their shite.
by significant u mean 0.05% of the population is intersex?
If all sexualities are social constructs, then you’re admitting which ever one you choose is a choice…so no one’s really born gay or transgender, it’s just a choice.
Thanks, crash course.
useful video!!!! love it so much!!
As a trans person for you to say gender is soley a social construct discredits and aims to disprove my gender dysphoria even though it may not be in a malicious manner. The imbalance of chemicals in my brain tells me I am a man and my GENDER is male even though I was born female and my biological sex is female (until i fully transition). Gender, though has socialital influences (ex. blue is for boys, pink is for girls) is very much a neurological thing. Studies have found that a male brain is different from a females brain; for instance females have larger left frontal lobes and males have larger hippocampuses. Yes, sex does correlate to genitalia but gender isnt just a made up concept in hopes to diminish other sex. I respect this channel so much and will continue to watch but I find this video very misleading and troublesome.
This video absolutely rules!!! Spot on 😁
Why don't trans people get socialised into their birth gender? I know why, because I study biology, which is an actual science.
I just found this channel and I am only in the middle of watching this video but i can already tell as a person who is Queer and feels like a woman but was not assigned this gender at birth this channel I can tell will help me I cant wait to spread this to others who feel similarly too myself and people who are queer or allies so on
Psuedoscience go home
Is there somebody chasing her ?
Vidiu sex
I don't judge, and I'm not judging the the People of Papua, but swallowing semen….
That's a wall I will not break
Let's talk about sex babyy
Crash Course should make textbooks 😌
I love this
the only genders there will ever be in the entire world and so on is male… and female…. seriously who comes up with this stuff??
So that tribe that performs oral sex as a rite of passage. What about that isnt sexual, they are stimulating a reproductive system until its spills its reproductive fluid. Sounds like a sexual ritual
Shirt buttons gonna come off bruh
Society of humans is created biologically therefore gender is biological
on the economic scale that minor difference cause billions of dollars more or less benefit. most important thing is that technology is sex-less in it self and a more integration of technology with human life, diminishing former man and woman definition happens.
They forgot androgynous. Both or neither styles of dressing.
They forgot same aces are Demi n grey
N they didn't mention the split attraction model
7:27 . . . I didn't know they had a catholic church in New Guinea
Science seems irrelevant for CrashCourse
top 10 worst comments sections
If we're talking about society, I contend that social pressure has worked to inflate the number or at least the perception of the number (per Saul Alinsky) of LGBT people. Since the 70's and sometimes even since the 20's, in big cities, it has been seen as a sign of open-minded sophistication to be at least bisexual. Don't tell your prof, this, though.
Examples of what I would call the faux-bi phenomenon are in Hollywood. What "celebrities" will unapologetically say they're straight? No, it's couched in terms like "I'm open-minded", "mostly straight", "a little bit gay"… many (especially women) lie through their teeth and claim they're bi or "genderfluid". Society's now heterophobic and cisphobic.
Many Dislikes 😭
10:01 two ends of a spectrum are oposites.
Sorry since when we're kilts masculine?
Scots wear skirts. We're all aware of this. Doesn't make them more manly, just makes them weird cause they show everyone their testicles
Absolutely no respect for kilts and I don't think skirts make a girl masculine somehow? What a dumb assertion. You sit there and claim young girls are being told how to feel about themselves, but here you are pointlessly comparing Scottish bagpipe players to preteen girls because of a skirt.
Is this a buzzfeed sponsored video or something?
my sexuality is food
Is it hard to find an asexual person? Haven't seen anyone asexual.
I googled Sambia sex and I feel so sick now
7:49 I wouldnt say its homosexual, I would say that it's paedophilia and it disturbs me that you did not acknowledge that.
4:14
Reminds me of the time people called me "girly af" when I like pink. Since when colour had gender lol
…no
Concerning intersex, 0.05% — 1.7% is not a significant portion of the population. Being a four limbed species could also into called into question by the arguments used here, due to birth 'defects'. So male/female attractions are socially constructed?
Gender is a social construction alone is an incredibility contentious issue. Presenting your ideas as fact is intellectually dishonest.
This topics are far from being well understood by science.
If gender is very vague and it could be anything to anyone, then the concept becomes rather ambiguous, and in a sense useless.
I don't have a problem with the idea of gender being whatever people prefers, but then gender is irrelevant to almost anything important in society. For example: thinking that feminity and women are the same is almost unfair to women who don't care about skirts, nail polish or make up; they are still women even if they don't care about that. And caring so much about skirts, nail polish or make up doesn't makes a woman. This is just my opinion, but I think it makes sense.
good think
This video answered every question I had why millenials are so messed up in the head. Thanks for putting all societal brainwashing techniques all in one video.
So now sickness is a great thing to have and not something to be… you know get rid off?
Have you been reading Judith Butler?
I’m confused. If heterosexuality is a social construct our ancestors never would have reproduced. Heterosexuality is the only thing that keeps our species going. There is nothing about it that is a social construct.
Thanks for the facts, Nicole!
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Person: let's talk about sex!
Me: let's talk about sex baby! Let's talk about you and me! Let's talk about sex! 🎵🎶🎵
Notice that not a single scientific study was cited…
This is a crash course in bull ****.
Sexual Orientation sure as hell ain't socially constructed. The existence of sexuality is based on physical attraction. As in an attraction to biological characteristics. If you are attracted to men, but are also a man, the simple explanation is that you were born with that preference. And upon hitting puberty, activating the sexual urges and the interest in exploring your sexuality, found that you see post-puberty traits of males attractive. It's not as complex as the video makes it sound. While what is considered male in terms or fashion and behavior is partly a social construct, it's not the only determining factor. For example, I am a gay man, and I'm not attracted to men cause of their clothes or the popular display of men. I am attracted to the body. The structure of the face, torso, and the aspects that come with puberty. Body and facial hair. Hence why Breasts and feminine features put me off. I have always felt this way and it will never change. As early as first grade I developed crushes on boys and not girls, viewing girls as friends or even, if close enough to them, sisters. But never as a crush. As for lesbians, they are more likely to find feminine features, breasts, smaller frames, and even vaginas attractive, and feel no interest in men's traits. This video creates a lot of complicated statements about the social aspects of gender and how it can affect people. However, gender and sexuality are often a built in feeling. Something that is often ignited by puberty. Such as those who are trans feeling they are born in the wrong body or feel as though no present gender identity fits them. It's a very simple thing, that this video takes down a complicated road trying to make how one is raised be the influence, and it almost borders on "It's a choice influenced by surroundings." but Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Pansexual, Asexual, and Trans people aren't choosing these feelings, they're choosing to act on the feelings they've carried within since they came to the realization something is off internally. Regardless of what people outside of them say, they are who they are. And always have been.
9:27 I would like to kindly ask you to give me my IQ points back, thank you.
aren't you cute
I don't tickets no mutants
I believe your teaching people wrong women.
No same sex sexuality
So there is no thing as gender. Great, I guess I will have no family ever. Woo hoo.
So how is ingesting semen not sexual
One of the biggest unaddressed issues in sociology is integrating it with hormone studies. All physical sex & gender characteristics can be viewed as 'secondary' to the primacy of the hormonal system, which is actually the underlying force at work in most professional stratification. For example, males with testes on average produce 20x more testosterone than any female has in their body, and the overlap across all of society is only 5-10% of women with the most having equal to the 5-10% of men with lowest… also try to account for if those people are all healthy and if the women in the research weren't a statistical sample going through a peak-testosterone cycle of their life who would generally have lower average lifetime testosterone levels than the men.
Heterosexuality is a social construct 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣 ROFL
In India there is a strict delineation between how males and females should behave in society. Females are expected to speak slowly in lower voice, let males speak for them and over them, give up jobs to move to husband's house or if asked leave their job, look after in laws ( ranging from making all meals for them, their health, any and every assistance in their daily life). This is femininity in Indian culture which is definitely a societal construct. Don't ask me what happens to the females who do not follow these rules, it's dark.
The social workers face a serious resistance from conservatives (some are even killed) because it is regarded as demeaning Indian culture and tradition (while anyone with a sane mind can understand the reason). The logic that men go out for work and women are expected to stay at home is the major reason of being women making upto 33% of workforce but major cases involve women working as house help/ maid in neighborhood to earn money for household while men not doing any job, sleeping at liquor shops, robbing off hard-earne money from their wives/children for their liquor, followed by child abuse, domestic violence and rapes. A large number of men, looking like ants, stand outside a wine shop “run by government” while poor women stand in a long line to fill up water for household from a public water tap.
Here you can clearly see the femininity and masculinity about which the YouTube commenters are salty about.
It's hard to see the line where natural ends and social begins and I am against this heteronomativity and rigid gender roles imposed.
However, being the predominant sexual orientation, and the one who can actually perpetuate life, wich would be, on a biological level the root point of sexual behavior, I guess we could say heterossexuality has a strong biological bases.
Don't get me wrong I agree with the general conceptions describe on the video, I am just poundering that perhaps, saying heterossexuality is as social constructed as other orientations might be, in a equal level, seems a bit forced. I know it sounds good to put all the spectrum into a relativism, but since heterossexuality is dominant and generates new life it seems a bit hypocritical to deny it's strong bio-Logical influence.
You just summed up a semester course on human sexuality that I took last year 😂 WELL DONE!